The question of whether rendering professional services is permitted through a Foreign Corporation, meaning a corporation subject to double taxation or S-Corp formed in a state other than California, is a matter of legal interpretation. This article aims to dissect the legal framework governing the use of Foreign Corporations, such as Delaware Corporations, Nevada S-Corps, or Wyoming S-Corps for optometrists rendering optometric services in California.

In California, the structure and organization of businesses that optometrists may use to provide optometric services are subject to specific legal and regulatory considerations. Optometrists must contemplate the most suitable corporate form for tax liability by minimizing both income and self-employment taxes as well as personal liability and personal asset protection concerns such as separating personal and corporate assets and practicing in a business entity that provides limited liability protection to protect personal assets. To undertake their optometric practice without losing sight of the legally permissible forms of business structures, optometrists should seek the advice and counsel of both experienced corporate attorneys and their tax advisors when choosing a business structure for their optometric practice.

Given the stringent regulations on the provision of optometric services in California, understanding the nuances and requirements is crucial for optometrists seeking to incorporate their California-based optometrists practices in Foreign Corporations. This article endeavors to provide a clear, informative, and practical answer for optometrists considering the use of a Foreign Corporation for their optometric practice and to inform optometrists who might currently be practicing optometry in California in a Foreign Corporation of their options to get into compliance with the California Corporations Code, the California Business and Professions Code, and the rules and regulations of the California State Board of Optometry and other governmental agencies.

Executive Summary: Putting the Conclusion First for Busy Optometrists

California licensed optometrists may not practice optometry in California using a Foreign Corporation, and instead must opt for a California Professional Optometric Corporation. This prohibition includes Foreign Professional Corporations, similar to the restrictions on the use of a limited liability company for practicing optometry, which precludes the use of both California LLCs as well as foreign LLCs and PLLCs and requires conversion from the California LLC or foreign LLC or PLLC into a California Professional Corporation.

What is a Foreign Corporation?

A Foreign Corporation is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of a state other than California. A Foreign Corporation may be easily identified by reading the Purpose Statement of the Articles of Incorporation or Certificate of Incorporation. The Purpose Statement of a California Corporation will indicate that the corporation is organized under California law. The Purpose Statement or other language of a Foreign Corporation formed in a state other than California will indicate that the corporation was organized under the laws of a state other than California.

What are the Options for Professionals Who Render Professional Services in California with a Foreign Corporation?

Optometrists rendering professional services in California within a Foreign Corporation should immediately seek informed legal guidance to either form a new California Professional Optometric Corporation or convert the Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation to ensure compliance with the nuanced requirements set by the California Corporations Code, the California Business and Professions Code, and the rules and regulations of the California State Board of Optometry or any other regulating governmental agency before continuing to render professional services in California.

Contact the experienced attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law today for personalized legal solutions tailored to the unique needs of your optometric practice. Our team of corporate attorneys is dedicated to helping you seamlessly transition into a compliant corporate structure, safeguarding the future of your optometric practice and protecting the optometric license you studied and worked hard to obtain.

What are Foreign Corporations?

In the context of rendering professional services in California, Foreign Corporations are out of state corporations formed under the laws of a state other than California. While similar in many respects to California Corporations and California S-Corps, Foreign Corporations differ with respect to their ability to be used for an optometric practice by a California licensed optometrist in California. Understanding the nuances between these corporate structures is essential for optometrists intending to establish or continue their optometric practices within the legal frameworks of California or any other state. This section will discuss the attributes of both Foreign Corporations and California Professional Optometric Corporations.

While a Foreign Corporation may generally apply for authority to transact business in California (sometimes referred to as California foreign qualification or registration), this only applies to general business activities and does not extend to professional practices, such as optometric practices, in California. After completing foreign qualification, a Foreign Corporation may be recognized broadly across various states, allowing for a degree of uniformity in both interstate and intrastate business operations.

What is a California Professional Optometric Corporation?

California Professional Optometric Corporations are specialized entities formed pursuant to the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporation Act specifically for rendering optometric services pursuant to an optometric license in California. While not all professions in California that require a state license may be formed as a California Professional Corporation, licensed persons who are optometrists have California Professional Corporations and must use a California Professional Optometric Corporation to practice optometry in California in a corporate structure. This differentiation ensures that optometrists are able to comply with specific legal stipulations governing their optometric practice, including liability and practice requirements, thereby protecting both the optometrists and the public they serve.

Comparison of Foreign Corporations versus California Professional Optometric Corporations

The key differences between a Foreign Corporation and a California Professional Optometric Corporation are as follows:

• A Foreign Corporation is formed in a state other than California, while a California Professional Optometric Corporation is formed under the laws of the State of California, specifically the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporation Act and the California Corporations Code.

• Foreign Corporations may only transact general business activities in California after applying for authority to transact business in California (California foreign qualification or registration), whereas California Professional Optometric Corporations are specifically designated for rendering optometric services in California.

• Foreign Corporations, even after applying for authority to transact business (California foreign qualification or registration) in California to transact general business activities in California still may not be used for practicing optometry.

How to Identify Foreign Corporations and California Professional Optometric Corporations?

Since Foreign Corporations cannot be used to render optometric services in California and California Professional Optometric Corporations must be used to practice optometry in corporate form, it is important for every optometrist to identify whether they are practicing optometry as a Foreign Corporation or a California Professional Optometric Corporation.

The corporate documents of a Foreign Corporation such as the Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Stock Certificates, should contain language specific to the jurisdiction in which the Foreign Corporation was registered. Similarly, the Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Stock Certificates of a California Professional Optometric Corporation should contain language specific to the formation of the California Professional Optometric Corporation under California law and also include language specifying the practice of optometry under the California Professional Optometric Corporation.

Purpose Statement of a Foreign Corporation

A Foreign Corporation may be easily identified by reading the Purpose Statement in the Articles of Incorporation or Certificate of Incorporation. The Purpose Statement of a Foreign Corporation will include language indicating the state laws under which the corporation was formed, and this will be a state other than California, although the specific wording will vary from state to state.

Purpose Statement of a California Professional Optometric Corporation

A California Professional Optometric Corporation may be easily identified by reading the Purpose Statement in the Articles of Incorporation. The Purpose Statement of a California Professional Optometric Corporation will read as follows:

“The purpose of the corporation is to engage in the profession of optometry and any other lawful activities (other than the banking or trust company business) not prohibited to a corporation engaging in such profession by applicable laws and regulations. This corporation is a professional corporation within the meaning of California Corporations Code section 13400 et. seq.”

If the Purpose Statement indicates formation of the corporation under California law, but does not specify the profession of optometry, those Articles of Incorporation are likely for a California General Stock Corporation, such as a California Corporation or California S-Corp, which may not be used to render professional services in California and should either be converted to or replaced with a California Professional Optometric Corporation for rendering optometric services in California.

What to Do if Practicing Optometry in a Foreign Corporation?

Optometrists practicing optometry in California using a Foreign Corporation should contact the experienced attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law today for personalized legal solutions tailored to the unique needs of their optometric practice. Our team of corporate attorneys is dedicated to helping optometrists seamlessly transition into compliant corporate structures, safeguarding the future of their optometric practice and protecting the optometric license they studied and worked hard to obtain.

What are the Options for Optometrists Rendering Optometric Services in a Foreign Corporation?

In California, optometrists who discover they are not incompliance with the California Corporation Code, the California Business and Professions Code, and the rules and regulations of the California State Board of Optometry or other regulating governmental agency because they are practicing optometry as a Foreign Corporation should cease operating as a Foreign Corporation as soon as possible.

These optometrists are presented with two viable pathways to align their business structure with California laws and regulations: (1) forming a new California Professional Optometric Corporation and thereafter dissolving and winding up their Foreign Corporation (unless they will continue to render professional services with the Foreign Corporation outside of California); or (2) converting the existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation. This section of the article will explore the considerations involved in each option, providing a clear roadmap for optometrists facing the need to navigate this transition.

Forming a New California Professional Optometric Corporation and Dissolving and Winding Up the Foreign Corporation (or Keeping the Foreign Corporation for Rendering Optometric Services Outside of California)

Forming a new California Professional Optometric Corporation as a means to come into compliance with the California laws and regulations for corporate structures permitted to be used for optometric practices is a viable option for optometrists operating their optometric practice under a Foreign Corporation. This option entails the establishment of a California Professional Optometric Corporation that adheres to the specifics outlined in the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporations Act, the California Corporations Code, and California Business and Professions Code, thereby enabling the optometrist to legally render optometric services within the State of California.

Forming a California Professional Optometric Corporation

The initial step in forming a California Professional Optometric Corporation is drafting and filing Articles of Incorporation specific to the profession of optometry with the California Secretary of State, including the required filing fee. These Articles of Incorporation should include the required Purpose Statement for a California Professional Optometric Corporation and should also comply with all pertinent codes and regulations specific to the profession of optometry. Subsequently, it is essential to adopt corporate Bylaws that govern the internal operations of the California Professional Optometric Corporation. All of the required language that must be included in the corporate documents of a California Professional Optometric Corporation should be included in the Articles of Incorporation and the corporate Bylaws. A California Statement of Information, Internal Revenue Service EIN, S Corporation election, California Limited Offering Exemption Notice, and FinCEN Beneficial Ownership Information Report should be filed for the new California Professional Optometric Corporation, and all other corporate documents should be drafted and adopted.

Dissolving and Winding Up a Foreign Corporation

Upon the successful formation of the California Professional Optometric Corporation, attention must then turn to the dissolution and winding up of the Foreign Corporation. This process involves settling debts and obligations, distributing any remaining assets, and filing the necessary documentation with the state in which the Foreign Corporation is registered to officially terminate the corporate existence of the Foreign Corporation. An attorney licensed to practice in the state where the Foreign Corporation is registered should assist with the dissolution and winding up of the Foreign Corporation.

Of course, the Foreign Corporation may continue its existence and operations if it will continue to be useful to its owner(s) after the optometric practice in California is transferred to the newly formed California Professional Optometric Corporation.

Converting the Existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation

Not all states allow the conversion of business structures registered in their state to other states. However, if permitted, the process of converting a Foreign Corporation registered in a state other than California into a California Professional Optometric Corporation would allow a professional rendering optometric services in California with a Foreign Corporation to come into compliance with California law.

If permitted by the laws of the state in which the Foreign Corporation was formed and exists, the conversion of an existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation is an alternative to forming a new California Professional Optometric Corporation. The conversion process, when permitted by the foreign jurisdiction, necessitates meticulous planning and strict adherence to California law. This route allows business entities to transition structure without the need to dissolve the original business entity and form a new business entity, thus retaining its existing operational history, relationships, contracts, and potentially Internal Revenue Service EIN if the taxation type of the Foreign Corporation converting is the same as the resulting California Professional Optometric Corporation it is converted into.

Converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation

The initial step in converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation is filing Articles of Incorporation Conversion specific to the profession of optometry with the California Secretary of State together with the required filing fee. These Articles of Incorporation Conversion should include the required Purpose Statement for a California Professional Optometric Corporation and should also comply with all pertinent codes and regulations specific to practicing as an optometrist in California.

Subsequent to the filing of Articles of Incorporation Conversion, it is essential to adopt new corporate Bylaws that govern the internal operations of the California Professional Optometric Corporation, as these corporate Bylaws will differ significantly from the corporate Bylaws used by a Foreign Corporation. All of the required language that must be included in the corporate documents of a California Professional Optometric Corporation should be included in the Articles of Incorporation Conversion and the corporate Bylaws.

A California Statement of Information and FinCEN Beneficial Ownership Information Report should be filed after conversion of a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation, and all other corporate documents required should be drafted and adopted.

Deciding between Forming a New California Professional Optometric Corporation and Converting a Foreign Corporation

Deciding between forming a new California Professional Optometric Corporation and converting an existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation ultimately depends on the specific circumstances and needs of the optometrist. Both options have their advantages and disadvantages, and consulting with a legal professional is recommended to determine the best course of action. Factors such as the complexity of the current business structure, potential tax implications, and timeline for transition should be carefully considered before making a decision. However, the following presents some of the considerations that should be examined when choosing a path toward rendering optometric services in California with a California Professional Optometric Corporation.

When is Forming a New California Professional Optometric Corporation and Dissolving and Winding Up a Foreign Corporation the Best Option?

Transitioning to a California Professional Optometric Corporation not only assures compliance with California law but also provided the limited liability status for professional shareholders (business owner), which is crucial for protecting personal assets from business liabilities. Additionally, it aligns the business structure not only with the norms and expectations of the optometric practice within California, potentially enhancing its legitimacy and reputation among peers and patients, but also complies with the legal requirements for the optometric practice in California.

Forming a new California Professional Optometric Corporation and dissolving and winding up the previously used Foreign Corporation is generally the less expensive of the two options, however, if the administrative burden of managing contracts with patients, vendors, business bank accounts, loss of operating history, or insurance coverage or panels would be less cumbersome with a conversion of the Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation, the higher legal fees may justify using the conversion option as opposed to the formation of a new California Professional Optometric Corporation and the dissolution and winding up of the Foreign Corporation.

When is Converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation the Best Option?

Conversion of a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation presents a practical option for optometrists seeking to align their corporate structure with the legal regulatory requirements of California laws and regulations without disrupting the continuity of their business operations. While legal fees for conversion are generally higher than forming a new California Professional Optometric Corporation, conversion allows for a seamless transition without the need to dissolve and wind up the Foreign Corporation. Additionally, it also preserves existing contracts, relationships, and operational history of the business entity.

Converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Optometric Corporation is ideal for optometrists who have already established a successful business presence in California but want to bring their corporate structure into compliance with California law.

Conclusion

Optometrists navigating the transition from practicing under a Foreign Corporation to practicing under a California Professional Optometry Corporation should consult with legal and financial advisors to ensure a seamless and compliant shift from the Foreign Corporation to the California Professional Optometry Corporation. Legal and financial advisories play a key role in navigating the new California Professional Optometry Corporation formation process or Foreign Corporation conversion process, ensuring that the transition not only complies with California laws and regulations, but also positions the optometric practice for sustained success and growth within the legal framework of a California Professional Corporation.