Choosing the right business structure is a critical decision for acupuncturists establishing their private practices in California. While foreign limited liability companies (foreign LLCs) foreign professional limited liability companies (foreign PLLCs) and are popular outside of California for their flexibility and tax benefits, acupuncture practices in California are expressly prohibited from operating as a foreign limited liability company (foreign LLC) or foreign professional limited liability company (foreign PLLC).

While the question, “why is an acupuncture practice not permitted to use a foreign LLC or PLLC?” has been answered in previous articles cited and summarized below, the experienced corporate attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law receive inquiries on a weekly basis from acupuncturists receiving mixed information from other attorneys or advisors leading them to believe that in certain circumstances it might be permissible to practice acupuncture in a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC in California.

This article references and links to previous articles with regard to the business structures and business entities acupuncturists may use to practice acupuncture in California, but the purpose of this article is to highlight and explore the specific provisions of the California Corporations Code that prohibits the use of foreign LLCs and foreign PLLCs to render professional services as an acupuncturist in California.

California Corporations Code Section 13401

The Moscone-Knox Professional Corporations Act is found in California Corporations Code Sections 13400-13410. California Corporations Code Section 13401(b) provides the authority for licensed acupuncturists to practice in California as California Professional Acupuncture Corporations with the purpose of rendering professional services in their practice of acupuncture.

California Corporations Code Section 13401 also provides two definitions required to properly analyze the restrictions on the use of foreign LLCs and foreign PLLCs by acupuncturists practicing acupuncture in California.

California Corporations Code Section 13401(a)

California Corporations Code Section 13401(a) provides the definition of “Professional Services” as follows:

“‘Professional services’ means any type of professional services that may be lawfully rendered only pursuant to a license, certification, or registration authorized by the Business and Professions Code, the Chiropractic Act, or the Osteopathic Act.”

Thus, Professional Services under the definition provided by California Corporations Code Section 13401(a) encompasses many professions, including acupuncture under California Business and Professions Code Sections 4975–4979.

California Corporations Code Section 13401(d)

California Corporations Code Section 13401(d) provides the definition of “Licensed Person” as follows:

“‘Licensed person’ means any natural person who is duly licensed under the provisions of the Business and Professions Code, the Chiropractic Act, or the Osteopathic Act to render the same professional services as are or will be rendered by the professional corporation or foreign professional corporation of which the person is, or intends to become, an officer, director, shareholder, or employee.”

Thus, Licensed Person under the definition provided by California Corporations Code Section 13401(d) means those persons licensed in the professions listed above as providers of Professional Services under California Corporations Code Section 13401(a), which includes acupuncturists in California.

California Corporations Code Section 17701.04

Two subsections of California Corporations Code Section 17701.04 explicitly outline restrictions on the use of a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC for the provision of acupuncture services.

Professional Services, as defined under California Corporations Code Section 13401(a), refers to professional services, such as the practice of acupuncture, that require a license, certification, or registration by governmental agencies or other entities and regulatory boards in California, such as the California Acupuncture Board. California Corporations Code Section 17701.04 establishes that individuals or entities practicing as an acupuncturist in California cannot form a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC for these purposes.

California Corporations Code Section 17701.04(b)

One of the primary legal barriers to acupuncture practices utilizing a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC can be found in California Corporations Code Section 17701.04(b), which reads:

“A limited liability company may have any lawful purpose, regardless of whether for profit, except the banking business, the business of issuing policies of insurance and assuming insurance risks, or the trust company business. A domestic or foreign limited liability company may render services that may be lawfully rendered only pursuant to a license, certificate, or registration authorized by the Business and Professions Code, the Chiropractic Act, the Osteopathic Act, or the Yacht and Ship Brokers Act, if the applicable provisions of the Business and Professions Code, the Chiropractic Act, the Osteopathic Act, or the Yacht and Ship Brokers Act authorize a limited liability company or foreign limited liability company to hold that license, certificate, or registration.”

California Corporations Code Section 17701.04(b) is one of the more confusing sections in the analysis of restrictions on using a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC for an acupuncture practice in California. While the first half of the second sentence of California Corporations Code Section 17701.04(b) does read:

“A domestic or foreign limited liability company may render services that may be lawfully rendered only pursuant to a license, certificate, or registration authorized by the Business and Professions Code, the Chiropractic Act, the Osteopathic Act, or the Yacht and Ship Brokers Act…”

the second half of that sentence requires there to be applicable provisions the California Business and Professions Code or other applicable Act to actually authorize the use of a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC, which authorizing provisions do not exist at the time of this writing for the practice of acupuncture in California.

California Corporations Code Section 17701.04(e)

Another of the legal barriers to a professional acupuncture practice utilizing a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC for the practice of acupuncture in California can be found in California Corporations Code Section 17701.04(e), which reads:

“Nothing in this title shall be construed to permit a domestic or foreign limited liability company to render professional services, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 13401 and in Section 13401.3, in this state.”

This section of the California Corporations Code explicitly prohibits foreign LLCs and foreign PLLCs from providing Professional Services in California under California Corporations Code 13401(a) by those Licensed Persons, including acupuncturists, under the definition of California Corporations Code Section 13401(d).

Secretary of State Application to Register a Foreign LLC for Authority to Transact Business in California for an Acupuncture Practice 

California Registration – Out-of-State LLC Screenshot of Professional Services Notice

As shown in the image above, in order to register a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC for authority to transact business in California with the California Secretary of State (commonly referred to as foreign registration), the filer must agree to the following provision:

“An out-of-state limited liability company that provides professional services cannot register in California (California Corporation Code section 13401 and 17701.04(e). If your business is required to be licensed, certified or registered, before submitting this filing to the California Secretary of State’s office, it is recommended that you contact the appropriate licensing authority in order to determine whether your services are considered professional. For licensing requirements in California, please refer to the CalGold website at http://www.calgold.ca.gov or the California Department of Consumer Affairs website at http://www.dca.ca.gov.”

A filer may successfully file the Application for Registration for Authority to Transact Business in California despite the warning depicted and quoted above, however, acceptance of the Application for Registration for Authority to Transact Business in California by the Secretary of State does not constitute the consent of the California Secretary of State to practicing acupuncture with a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC under the California Corporations Code.

Reasons for Prohibition Against a Foreign Limited Liability Company or Foreign Professional Limited Liability Company for California Acupuncturists

The main reason for prohibiting the use of foreign LLCs and foreign PLLCs by licensed acupuncturists is to ensure compliance with professional regulations and protect the public from potential harm caused by unqualified or unethical individuals providing acupuncture services by upholding public accountability standards specific to the practice of acupuncture. The State of California wants to ensure that only licensed acupuncturists who have met certain education and training requirements are able to offer their expertise and advice in a professional capacity as an acupuncturist.

The reasoning behind this restriction stems from the nature of acupuncture services, which requires specialized knowledge and experience, and is subject to stringent regulation by the State of California and the California Acupuncture Board. Professions such as acupuncture demand accountability not just to patients but also to their professional licensing boards.

Foreign LLC and foreign PLLC structures, known for their liability protections and manager/member flexibility, are deemed incompatible with the heightened accountability standards the State of California applies to acupuncturists. Thus, acupuncturists practicing in California must choose alternative structures that better align with the regulatory oversight and public protection goals of the State of California.

California Professional Acupuncture Corporations require adherence to stricter regulations regarding ownership and governance. Licensed acupuncturist shareholders of a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation must be licensed to practice acupuncture or certain other licensed professions permitted to be shareholders under California Corporations Code Section 13401.5 (see: “Who May Be a Shareholder of a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation?“), ensuring that ethical standards and professional expertise guide the practice of acupuncture.

Permitted California Business Structures for Licensed Acupuncturists

Licensed acupuncturists in California are restricted in the types of business entities they may form due to California law in the California Corporations Code discussed above. These California laws are designed to ensure compliance with professional standards of practice and maintain accountability for practicing acupuncture in California.

A previous article titled “Can I Use a PLLC to Practice Acupuncture in California?” (which is as equally applicable to foreign LLCs as it is foreign PLLCs) answered the question of whether a licensed acupuncturist could use a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC in California, discussed some of the possible alternatives to practicing as a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC.

This section will provide an overview of the permitted business structures that licensed acupuncturists may utilize, including California Professional Acupuncture Corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships, while providing links to articles containing more information about the specific requirements and considerations for each business entity structure.

Sole Proprietorships for California Licensed Acupuncturists

A sole proprietorship is the simplest business structure for licensed acupuncturists to practice acupuncture in California, but it does come with some downsides. It is an unincorporated business owned and operated by the licensed acupuncturist personally, making it straightforward to set up and maintain, but it provides no liability protection or tax benefits. For licensed acupuncturists in California, understanding how a sole proprietorship functions and the associated considerations is critical to ensuring compliance and achieving success.

Key Features of Sole Proprietorships for California Licensed Acupuncturists

One of the primary advantages of a sole proprietorship is ease of formation. There are minimal regulatory requirements compared to other business structures, which reduces the time and cost of starting a practice. Sole proprietors simply need to obtain the appropriate professional licenses and any required local permits to begin operations.

Another notable feature of a sole proprietorship is that the licensed acupuncturist has complete control of the business. This autonomy allows licensed acupuncturists to make decisions and manage their practice without needing approval from partners or shareholders.

However, sole proprietors are personally liable for all debts and obligations of their business. For California licensed acupuncturists, this means that personal assets can be at risk if claims arise from acupuncture services or other business activities. It is crucial for sole proprietors to consider obtaining adequate liability insurance to mitigate this risk.

Tax Considerations of Sole Proprietorship for Practicing Acupuncture

From a tax perspective, sole proprietorships are treated as “pass-through” entities. This means the business income is reported directly on the owner’s personal tax return, simplifying the tax filing process. However, sole proprietors are subject to self-employment taxes, which includes both the employer and employee portions of Social Security and Medicare taxes.

Is a Sole Proprietorship Right for You?

While a sole proprietorship may offer simplicity and independence, it is essential to weigh the potential risks and benefits relative to other business structures, such as California Professional Acupuncture Corporations. Licensed professionals should assess their long-term business goals, liability exposure, and the administrative requirements when selecting a business entity. For more detailed guidance on sole proprietorships for licensed professionals in California, consult “Sole Proprietorship vs Professional Acupuncture Corporation in California” and “What are the Business Structure Options for Solo Acupuncturists in California?” or schedule a consultation with the experienced corporate attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law to ensure compliance and alignment with your professional objectives.

Partnerships for California Licensed Acupuncturists

A partnership is one of the simplest business entity structures available for two or more licensed acupuncturists looking to collaborate professionally. For California acupuncturists, partnerships may offer a straightforward structure for operating an acupuncture practice. However, it is essential to understand the benefits, limitations, and regulatory implications before forming a partnership for practicing acupuncture in California.

Key Features of Partnerships for California Licensed Acupuncturists

A California General Partnership is formed when two or more individuals agree to engage in a business together for profit, without formally organizing another form of business entity. Partners share ownership, responsibilities, profits, and liabilities equally unless otherwise agreed upon through a written partnership agreement. Importantly, in California, general partnerships do not require registration with the state to be established, but they must comply with local licensing and regulatory requirements applicable to the practice of acupuncture. Partners of a California General Partnership have joint and several liability for all debts, liabilities, obligations, and legal judgments against the California General Partnership.

Tax Considerations of Partnerships for Practicing Acupuncture

One of the main considerations when choosing between these a partnership for an acupuncture practice is the tax implications.

Partnerships are subject to pass-through taxation, a process that allows the income, deductions, and tax credits of the partnership to “pass through” to the individual partners rather than being taxed at the business entity level. This means that the partnership itself does not pay federal income taxes. Instead, each partner reports their share of the profits or losses of the partnership on their personal income tax return, based on their ownership interest.

In addition to income taxes, partners of a partnership are generally considered self-employed for tax purposes. This designation requires them to pay self-employment taxes, which cover Social Security and Medicare contributions. Unlike employees, who split these taxes with their employer, self-employed individuals are responsible for the full tax rate, currently 15.3% of net earnings. The self-employment tax liability of each partner is calculated based on their share of the net income of the partnership.

It is crucial for acupuncturists considering a partnership business structure for their acupuncture practice to understand the income tax and self-employment tax obligations of partnerships and plan accordingly, as these taxes can significantly impact personal income tax liability.

Is a Partnership Right for You?

While a partnership may offer simplicity and independence, it is essential to weigh the potential risks and benefits relative to other business structures, such as California Professional Acupuncture Corporations. Licensed acupuncturists should assess their long-term business goals, liability exposure, and the administrative requirements when selecting a business entity for their acupuncture practice. For more detailed guidance on California General Partnerships for licensed professionals in California, consult “What are the Business Structure Options for Acupuncture Group Practices in California?” or schedule a consultation with the experienced corporate attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law to ensure compliance and alignment with your professional objectives.

California Professional Acupuncture Corporations for California Licensed Acupuncturists

In California, licensed acupuncturists have the option to form a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation with the California Secretary of State as the business entity structure to practice acupuncture in California. A California Professional Acupuncture Corporation is a specialized type of California Corporation that is specifically designed for licensed acupuncturists.

Key Features of California Professional Acupuncture Corporations for California Licensed Acupuncturists

One of the main advantages of forming a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation is that it offers personal liability protection for the licensed acupuncturist shareholders who own the California Professional Acupuncture Corporation. This means that all debts, liabilities, obligations, and legal judgments against the acupuncture practice that are not subject to a personal guaranty or based on malpractice or professional errors and omissions will stay with the California Professional Acupuncture Corporation and not flow to the licensed acupuncturist shareholder (see: “What Liability Protection Does a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation Provide?“).

However, there are certain restrictions on who can own and manage a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation which require only licensed acupuncturists and certain licensed persons permitted under California Corporations Code Section 13401.5 to be shareholders (see: “Who May Be a Shareholder of a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation?“).

Tax Considerations of California Professional Acupuncture Corporations for Practicing Acupuncture

Forming a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation can also provide tax benefits to licensed acupuncturist shareholders (see: “What Tax Benefits Does a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation Provide?“). For example, a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation can make an S Corporation election, which allows for pass-through taxation (see: “Can a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation Be an S-Corp?“). Electing to be taxed as an S-Corp means that the profits and losses of a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation are passed through to the personal tax returns of the individual shareholders rather than being subject to double taxation at both the corporate and individual level.

Additionally, California Professional Acupuncture Corporations do not subject licensed acupuncturist shareholders to self-employment taxes, and licensed acupuncturist shareholders who also provide acupuncture services must only pay payroll taxes on that portion of their income from the California Professional Acupuncture Corporation that are paid as W-2 wages.

It is important for acupuncturists to consult with a tax advisor when considering forming a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation, as both the personal financial situation of the licensed acupuncturist shareholder and pro forma professional practice financials of each licensed acupuncturist will be factors in determining if a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation is the most tax efficient structure to use when practicing acupuncture in California.

Is a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation Right for You?

Based upon limited liability protection and tax efficiency, a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation is the best choice for most licensed acupuncturists practicing acupuncture in California.

To assist in the decision about whether a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation is the best business entity structure for your business, see “When to Use a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation” and “When Not to Use a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation” for more detailed information about choosing a business entity structure to practice acupuncture in California.

If you are already practicing acupuncture in a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC in California, see “12 Steps to Convert a PLLC to a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation“, and “Four Reasons Not to Convert Foreign LLC or PLLC to a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation” for more detailed guidance on moving from a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC to a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation.

If you are not already practicing acupuncture in a foreign LLC or foreign PLLC, see “Four Things to Know About Starting Your Acupuncture California Professional Corporation“, “The 7 Steps for Forming a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation“, “How Long Does It Take to Form a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation?” for more detailed guidance on forming a California Professional Acupuncture Corporation for your acupuncture practice.

To speak with a corporate attorney knowledgeable in matters of forming California Professional Acupuncture Corporations, schedule a consultation with the experienced corporate attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law.