The question of whether rendering professional services is permitted through a Foreign Corporation, meaning a corporation or S-Corp formed in a state other than California, is a matter of legal interpretation. This article aims to dissect the legal framework governing the use of Foreign Corporations, such as Delaware Corporations, Nevada S-Corps, or Wyoming S-Corps for veterinarians rendering veterinary medical services in California.

In California, the structure and organization of businesses that veterinarians may use to provide veterinary medical services are subject to specific legal and regulatory considerations. Veterinarians must contemplate the most suitable corporate form for tax liability by minimizing both income and self-employment taxes as well as personal liability and personal asset protection concerns such as separating personal and corporate assets and practicing in a limited liability entity that provides limited liability protection to protect personal assets. To undertake their veterinary medical practice without losing sight of the legally permissible forms of business structures, veterinarians should seek the advice and counsel of both experienced corporate attorneys and their tax advisors when choosing a business structure for their veterinary medical practice.

Given the stringent regulations on the provision of veterinary medical services in California, understanding the nuances and requirements is crucial for veterinarians seeking to incorporate their California-based veterinarians practices in Foreign Corporations. This article endeavors to provide a clear, informative, and practical answer for veterinarians considering the use of a Foreign Corporation for their veterinary medical practice and to inform veterinarians and their employees rendering professional services who might currently be practicing veterinary medicine in California in a Foreign Corporation of their options to get into compliance with the California Corporations Code, the California Business and Professions Code, the California Veterinary Medicine Practice Act, and the rules and regulations of the California Veterinary Medical Board and other governmental agencies.

Executive Summary: Putting the Conclusion First for Busy Veterinarians

California licensed veterinarians may not practice veterinary medicine in California using a Foreign Corporation, and instead must opt for a California Professional Veterinary Corporation. This prohibition includes Foreign Professional Corporations, similar to the restrictions on the use of a limited liability company for practicing veterinary medicine, which precludes the use of both California LLCs as well as foreign LLCs and PLLCs and requires conversion from the California LLC or foreign LLC or PLLC into a California Professional Corporation.

What is a Foreign Corporation?

A Foreign Corporation is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of a state other than California. A Foreign Corporation may be easily identified by reading the Purpose Statement of the Articles of Incorporation or Certificate of Incorporation. The Purpose Statement of a California Corporation will indicate that the corporation is organized under California law. The Purpose Statement or other language of a Foreign Corporation formed in a state other than California will indicate that the corporation was organized under the laws of a state other than California.

What are the Options for Professionals Who Render Professional Services in California with a Foreign Corporation?

Veterinarians rendering professional services in California within a Foreign Corporation should immediately seek informed legal guidance to either form a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation or convert the Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation to ensure compliance with the nuanced requirements set by the California Corporations Code, the California Business and Professions Code, the California Veterinary Medicine Practice Act, and the rules and regulations of the California Veterinary Medical Board or any other regulating governmental agency before continuing to render professional services in California.

Contact the experienced attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law today for personalized legal solutions tailored to the unique needs of your veterinary medical practice. Our team of corporate attorneys is dedicated to helping you seamlessly transition into a compliant corporate structure, safeguarding the future of your veterinary medical practice and protecting the veterinary medical license you studied and worked hard to obtain.

What are Foreign Corporations?

In the context of rendering professional services in California, Foreign Corporations are out of state corporations formed under the laws of a state other than California. While similar in many respects to California Corporations and California S-Corps, Foreign Corporations differ with respect to their ability to be used for a veterinary medical practice by a California licensed veterinarian in California. Understanding the nuances between these corporate structures is essential for veterinarians intending to establish or continue their veterinary medical practices within the legal frameworks of California or any other state. This section will discuss the attributes of both Foreign Corporations and California Professional Veterinary Corporations.

While a Foreign Corporation may generally apply for authority to transact business in California (sometimes referred to as California foreign qualification or registration), this only applies to general business activities and does not extend to professional practices, such as veterinary medical practices, in California. After completing foreign qualification, a Foreign Corporation may be recognized broadly across various states, allowing for a degree of uniformity in both interstate and intrastate business operations.

What is a California Professional Veterinary Corporation?

California Professional Veterinary Corporations are specialized entities formed pursuant to the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporation Act specifically for rendering veterinary medical services pursuant to a veterinary medical license in California. While not all professions in California that require a state license may be formed as a California Professional Corporation, licensed veterinarians have California Professional Corporations and must use a California Professional Veterinary Corporation to practice veterinary medicine in California in a corporate structure. This differentiation ensures that veterinarians are able to comply with specific legal stipulations governing their veterinary medical practice, including liability and practice requirements, thereby protecting both the veterinarians and the public they serve.

Comparison of Foreign Corporations versus California Professional Veterinary Corporations

The key differences between a Foreign Corporation and a California Professional Veterinary Corporation are as follows:

• A Foreign Corporation is formed in a state other than California, while a California Professional Veterinary Corporation is formed under the laws of the State of California, specifically the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporation Act and the California Corporations Code.

• Foreign Corporations may only transact general business activities in California after applying for authority to transact business in California (California foreign qualification or registration), whereas California Professional Veterinary Corporations are specifically designated for rendering veterinary medical services in California.

• Foreign Corporations, even after applying for authority to transact business (California foreign qualification or registration) in California to transact general business activities in California still may not be used for practicing veterinary medicine.

How to Identify Foreign Corporations and California Professional Veterinary Corporations?

Since Foreign Corporations cannot be used to render veterinary medical services in California and California Veterinary Corporations must be used to practice veterinary medicine in corporate form, it is important for every veterinarian to identify whether they are practicing veterinary medicine as a Foreign Corporation or a California Professional Veterinary Corporation.

The corporate documents of a Foreign Corporation such as the Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Stock Certificates, should contain language specific to the jurisdiction in which the Foreign Corporation was registered. Similarly, the Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Stock Certificates of a California Professional Veterinary Corporation should contain language specific to the formation of the California Professional Veterinary Corporation under California law and also include language specifying the practice of veterinary medicine under the California Professional Veterinary Corporation.

Purpose Statement of a Foreign Corporation

A Foreign Corporation may be easily identified by reading the Purpose Statement in the Articles of Incorporation or Certificate of Incorporation. The Purpose Statement of a Foreign Corporation will include language indicating the state laws under which the corporation was formed, and this will be a state other than California, although the specific wording will vary from state to state.

Purpose Statement of a California Professional Veterinary Corporation

A California Professional Veterinary Corporation may be easily identified by reading the Purpose Statement in the Articles of Incorporation. The Purpose Statement of a California Professional Veterinary Corporation will read as follows:

“The purpose of the corporation is to engage in the profession of veterinary medicine and any other lawful activities (other than the banking or trust company business) not prohibited to a corporation engaging in such profession by applicable laws and regulations. This corporation is a professional corporation within the meaning of California Corporations Code section 13400 et. seq.”

If the Purpose Statement indicates formation of the corporation under California law, but does not specify the profession of veterinary medicine, those Articles of Incorporation are likely for a California General Stock Corporation, such as a California Corporation or California S-Corp, which may not be used to render professional services in California and should either be converted to or replaced with a California Professional Veterinary Corporation for rendering veterinary medical services in California.

What to Do if Practicing Veterinary Medicine in a Foreign Corporation?

Veterinarians practicing veterinary medicine in California using a Foreign Corporation should contact the experienced attorneys at San Diego Corporate Law today for personalized legal solutions tailored to the unique needs of their veterinary medical practice. Our team of corporate attorneys is dedicated to helping veterinarians seamlessly transition into compliant corporate structures, safeguarding the future of their veterinary medical practice and protecting his or her license they studied and worked hard to obtain.

What are the Options for Veterinarians Rendering Veterinary Medical Services in a Foreign Corporation?

In California, veterinarians who discover they are not incompliance with the California Corporation Code, the California Business and Professions Code, the California Veterinary Medicine Practice Act, and the rules and regulations of the California Veterinary Medical Board or other regulating governmental agency because they are practicing veterinary medicine as a Foreign Corporation should cease operating as a Foreign Corporation as soon as possible.

These veterinarians are presented with two viable pathways to align their business structure with California laws and regulations: (1) forming a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation and thereafter dissolving and winding up their Foreign Corporation (unless they will continue to render professional services with the Foreign Corporation outside of California); or (2) converting the existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation. This section of the article will explore the considerations involved in each option, providing a clear roadmap for veterinarians facing the need to navigate this transition.

Forming a New California Professional Veterinary Corporation and Dissolving and Winding Up the Foreign Corporation (or Keeping the Foreign Corporation for Rendering Veterinary Medical Services Outside of California)

Forming a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation as a means to come into compliance with the California laws and regulations for corporate structures permitted to be used for veterinary medical practices is a viable option for veterinarians operating their veterinary medical practice under a Foreign Corporation. This option entails the establishment of a California Professional Veterinary Corporation that adheres to the specifics outlined in the Moscone-Knox Professional Corporations Act, the California Corporations Code, and California Business and Professions Code, thereby enabling the veterinarian to legally render veterinary medical services within the State of California.

Forming a California Professional Veterinary Corporation

The initial step in forming a California Professional Veterinary Corporation is drafting and filing Articles of Incorporation specific to the profession of veterinary medicine with the California Secretary of State, including the required filing fee. These Articles of Incorporation should include the required Purpose Statement for a California Professional Veterinary Corporation and should also comply with all pertinent codes and regulations specific to the profession of veterinary medicine. Subsequently, it is essential to adopt corporate Bylaws that govern the internal operations of the California Professional Veterinary Corporation. All of the required language that must be included in the corporate documents of a California Professional Veterinary Corporation should be included in the Articles of Incorporation and the corporate Bylaws. A California Statement of Information, Internal Revenue Service EIN, S Corporation election, California Limited Offering Exemption Notice, and FinCEN Beneficial Ownership Information Report should be filed for the new California Professional Veterinary Corporation, and all other corporate documents should be drafted and adopted.

Dissolving and Winding Up a Foreign Corporation

Upon the successful formation of the California Professional Veterinary Corporation, attention must then turn to the dissolution and winding up of the Foreign Corporation. This process involves settling debts and obligations, distributing any remaining assets, and filing the necessary documentation with the state in which the Foreign Corporation is registered to officially terminate the corporate existence of the Foreign Corporation. An attorney licensed to practice in the state where the Foreign Corporation is registered should assist with the dissolution and winding up of the Foreign Corporation.

Of course, the Foreign Corporation may continue its existence and operations if it will continue to be useful to its owner(s) after the veterinary medical practice in California is transferred to the newly formed California Professional Veterinary Corporation.

Converting the Existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation

Not all states allow the conversion of business structures registered in their state to other states. However, if permitted, the process of converting a Foreign Corporation registered in a state other than California into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation would allow a professional rendering veterinary medical services in California with a Foreign Corporation to come into compliance with California law.

If permitted by the laws of the state in which the Foreign Corporation was formed and exists, the conversion of an existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation is an alternative to forming a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation. The conversion process, when permitted by the foreign jurisdiction, necessitates meticulous planning and strict adherence to California law. This route allows business entities to transition structure without the need to dissolve the original business entity and form a new business entity, thus retaining its existing operational history, relationships, contracts, and potentially Internal Revenue Service EIN if the taxation type of the Foreign Corporation converting is the same as the resulting California Professional Veterinary Corporation it is converted into.

Converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation

The initial step in converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation is filing Articles of Incorporation Conversion specific to the profession of veterinary medicine with the California Secretary of State together with the required filing fee. These Articles of Incorporation Conversion should include the required Purpose Statement for a California Professional Veterinary Corporation and should also comply with all pertinent codes and regulations specific to practicing as a veterinarian in California.

Subsequent to the filing of Articles of Incorporation Conversion, it is essential to adopt new corporate Bylaws that govern the internal operations of the California Professional Veterinary Corporation, as these corporate Bylaws will differ significantly from the corporate Bylaws used by a Foreign Corporation. All of the required language that must be included in the corporate documents of a California Professional Veterinary Corporation should be included in the Articles of Incorporation Conversion and the corporate Bylaws.

A California Statement of Information and FinCEN Beneficial Ownership Information Report should be filed after conversion of a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation, and all other corporate documents required should be drafted and adopted.

Deciding between Forming a New California Professional Veterinary Corporation and Converting a Foreign Corporation

Deciding between forming a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation and converting an existing Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation ultimately depends on the specific circumstances and needs of the veterinarian. Both options have their advantages and disadvantages, and consulting with a legal professional is recommended to determine the best course of action. Factors such as the complexity of the current business structure, potential tax implications, and timeline for transition should be carefully considered before making a decision. However, the following presents some of the considerations that should be examined when choosing a path toward rendering veterinary medical services in California with a California Professional Veterinary Corporation.

When is Forming a New California Professional Veterinary Corporation and Dissolving and Winding Up a Foreign Corporation the Best Option?

Transitioning to a California Professional Veterinary Corporation not only assures compliance with California law but also provided the limited liability status for professional shareholders, which is crucial for protecting personal assets from business liabilities. Additionally, it aligns the business structure not only with the norms and expectations of the veterinary medical practice within California, potentially enhancing its legitimacy and reputation among peers and clients, but also complies with the legal requirements for the veterinary medical practice in California.

Forming a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation and dissolving and winding up the previously used Foreign Corporation is generally the less expensive of the two options, however, if the administrative burden of managing contracts with clients, vendors, business bank accounts, loss of operating history, or insurance coverage or panels would be less cumbersome with a conversion of the Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation, the higher legal fees may justify using the conversion option as opposed to the formation of a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation and the dissolution and winding up of the Foreign Corporation.

When is Converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation the Best Option?

Conversion of a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation presents a practical option for veterinarians seeking to align their corporate structure with the legal regulatory requirements of California laws and regulations without disrupting the continuity of their business operations. While legal fees for conversion are generally higher than forming a new California Professional Veterinary Corporation, conversion allows for a seamless transition without the need to dissolve and wind up the Foreign Corporation. Additionally, it also preserves existing contracts, relationships, and operational history of the business entity.

Converting a Foreign Corporation into a California Professional Veterinary Corporation is ideal for veterinarians who have already established a successful business presence in California but want to bring their corporate structure into compliance with California law.

Conclusion

Veterinarians navigating the transition from practicing under a Foreign Corporation to practicing under a California Professional Veterinary Corporation should consult with legal and financial advisors to ensure a seamless and compliant shift from the Foreign Corporation to the California Professional Veterinary Corporation. Legal and financial advisories play a key role in navigating the new California Professional Veterinary Corporation formation process or Foreign Corporation conversion process, ensuring that the transition not only complies with California laws and regulations, but also positions the veterinary medical practice for sustained success and growth within the legal framework of a California Veterinary Corporation.